Wednesday, September 16, 2015

Third of global population malnourished: study

malnourishment, undernourishment, anganwadi, anganwadi workers, children's health Childhood stunting and wasting remain serious problems: More than 160 million children worldwide under five years old are too short for their age (stunted), while more than 50 million don’t weigh enough for their height (wasted), researchers said.

One in three members of the global population is malnourished, and the problem exists in every country of the world, according to a new report. The strategies available to resolve malnutrition are not being implemented due to lack of money, skills, or political pressure, researchers said.

“When one in three of us is held back, we as families, communities and nations cannot move forward,” said Lawrence Haddad, Lead Author of the study and Senior Research Fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

“This not only jeopardises the lives of those who are malnourished, but also affects the larger framework for economic growth and sustainable development. Simply put: people cannot get anywhere near their full potential without first overcoming malnutrition,” said Haddad.

Childhood stunting and wasting remain serious problems: More than 160 million children worldwide under five years old are too short for their age (stunted), while more than 50 million don’t weigh enough for their height (wasted), researchers said.

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Although countries are increasingly meeting goals for combating stunting and wasting, adult obesity – another form of malnutrition – is growing, the report said.

The prevalence of obesity rose in every single country between 2010 and 2014, and one in 12 adults worldwide now has Type 2 Diabetes, it said.

“Too often people think of malnutrition as just a problem of hungry kids in the poorest countries, but this report shows that malnutrition has many forms and affects all countries, rich and poor alike,” said Dr Corinna Hawkes, Co-author of the report.

“The coexistence of nutritional problems associated with extreme deprivation and obesity is the real face of malnutrition,” said Hawkes.

Climate change is complicating global efforts to end malnutrition. Even small and seasonal fluctuations in climate can have big impacts on food availability and disease patterns, and these in turn dramatically affect children’s survival and development, researchers said.

In a world where many are not eating enough and others are eating too much, food systems also need attention. Many countries are not on target to meet World Health Assembly targets on nutrition. Most countries are off course in expanding exclusive breastfeeding, and six countries on three continents are regressing badly, the report said.

Adult Diabetes is increasing in 185 countries and is decreasing or stable in just five, it said. Countries that are committed to reducing malnutrition have the capability to do so, according to the report.

The Global Nutrition Report is being released on September 22 in New York City.



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Garden play time must for kids to prevent obesity

M_Id_450868_Obesity_ Being overweight or obese in childhood is an important risk factor for developing Type 2 Diabetes in adulthood.

Young children in the three-five age group with no access to green and open places are at a higher risk of developing obesity by the time they turn seven, researchers report.

A study of 6,467 children from England found that no garden access for lower educated households (children age three-five years) increased the odds of obesity at seven years by 38 percent.

There was also a 38 percent increased risk of being overweight/developing obesity at seven years for children of higher educated households living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods.

Being overweight or obese in childhood is an important risk factor for developing Type 2 Diabetes in adulthood.

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“We showed that limits on access to outdoor space is associated with future childhood overweight/obesity although moderated by education level. More research is needed to see how we can deploy these findings in preventing Type 2 Diabetes,” said Annemarie Schalkwijk from VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

The analysis used the Millennium Cohort Study: a nationally representative study of around 19,000 children born in Britain between 2000-2001 who were followed over time.

Data were taken from England, with the surveys carried out at age nine months, three years, five years and seven years.

After adjusting for parental influences and socioeconomic status (SES), the authors found that no garden access for children increased the odds of being overweight/developing obesity.

The authors are currently planning a further study on the influence of the environment on risk of being overweight/developing obesity.

The findings were presented at the annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in Stockholm recently.



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Pesticide exposure puts people at high Diabetes risk

Cauliflowers showed maximum concentration. (Source: Express archives) Emerging evidence suggests that environmental contaminants, including pesticides, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Diabetes. (Source: Express archives)

Exposure to pesticides can increase risk of developing Diabetes by 61 percent, with different types of pesticides showing varying levels of risk, an analysis of 21 studies has warned.

How Diabetes develops is considered to be an interplay between genetic and environmental factors.

Emerging evidence suggests that environmental contaminants, including pesticides, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Diabetes.

In this study, the researchers performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies that assessed the association between exposure to pesticides and Diabetes.

The association between exposure to any pesticide and all types of Diabetes was examined.

Separate analyses for studies that looked only at Type 2 Diabetes participants were performed.

“This systematic review supports the hypothesis that exposure to various types of pesticides increases the risk of Diabetes,” the authors noted.

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The meta-analysis was done by Giorgos Ntritsos from University of Ioannina, Greece and Dr Ioanna Tzoulaki and Dr Evangelos Evangelou from Imperial College London in Britain.

“Analysing each pesticide separately suggests that some pesticides are more likely to contribute to the development of Diabetes than others,” they noted.

A total of 21 studies were identified assessing the association between pesticides and Diabetes, covering 66,714 individuals.

In almost all of the studies analyses, pesticide exposure was determined by blood or urine bio-marker analysis, one of the most accurate methods.

The researchers found that exposure to any type of pesticide was associated with increased risk of any type of Diabetes by 61 percent.

In the 12 studies analysing only Type 2 Diabetes, the increased risk was 64 percent for those exposed to pesticides.

The researchers are now performing additional analyses of the data and doing a further meta-analysis of pesticide exposure in relation to the other outcomes, including neurological outcomes and several cancers.

The findings were presented at the annual meeting the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) recently.



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Breastfeeding might reduce risk of Autism

Consuming mother's milk might reduce the risk of Autism in babies with a genetic predisposition to the disorder, according to a study. Consuming mother’s milk might reduce the risk of Autism in babies with a genetic predisposition to the disorder, according to a study.

Consuming mother’s milk might reduce the risk of Autism in babies with a genetic predisposition to the disorder, according to a study.

Researchers led by Kathleen Krol of the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig, Germany, focused on the relationship between breastfeeding, genes and the ability to perceive emotions.

Krol and her team studied 98 infants, all of them seven months old and half of them with two copies of a “risk” variant of the gene CD38, to determine what effect breastfeeding has on babies’ perception of emotions.

Recognising other people’s emotions is a key social skill that depends a great deal on information obtained from the area around the eyes of the other individual.

Diminished attention to the other person’s eyes is associated with Autism-spectrum disorders.

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The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, showed that babies who were breastfed longer spent more time looking at images of “happy” eyes and shied away from “angry” eyes.

Matching this data with the children’s genotype, researchers found that the effect of breastfeeding on visual preferences was significant only in the babies who carried the risk gene variation.

The study concluded that breastfeeding is associated with an enhanced sensitivity to emotions in babies, but the authors and other experts stressed that there is no evidence yet that breastfeeding ultimately affects a child’s odds of developing Autism or that it lessens the severity of Autism symptoms.

Scientists from the Singapore National University and the University of Virginia participated in the research.



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Yoga can improve Arthritis symptoms and mood

M_Id_374845_arthritis Without management, Arthritis can affect not only mobility, but also overall health and well-being, participation in valued activities, and quality of life.

Practising yoga improves physical and mental well-being of people living with Arthritis, a painful joint disorder for which there is currently no cure, new research has found.

Without management, Arthritis can affect not only mobility, but also overall health and well-being, participation in valued activities, and quality of life.

In the trial, people with Arthritis who practiced yoga for eight weeks had about a 20 percent improvement in physical health with similar improvements in pain, energy, mood and carrying out day-to-day activities and tasks.

“Yoga may be especially well suited to people with Arthritis because it combines physical activity with potent stress management and relaxation techniques, and focuses on respecting limitations that can change from day to day,” said one of the researchers Susan Bartlett, Adjunct Associate Professor of Medicine at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, US.

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The study recruited 75 people with either knee Osteoarthritis or Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Participants were randomly assigned to either a wait list or eight weeks of twice-weekly yoga classes, plus a weekly practice session at home.

Participants’ physical and mental well-being was assessed before and after the yoga session by researchers who did not know which group the participants had been assigned to.

Compared with the control group, those doing yoga reported a 20 percent improvement in pain, energy levels, mood and physical function, including their ability to complete physical tasks at work and home.

Improvements in those who completed yoga was still apparent nine months later.

The findings were published in the Journal of Rheumatology.



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