Vaccination seems to provide greater immune response in the morning than in the afternoon, study suggests
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Treatment for these 4.5 million children is urgently needed, researcher says
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Parents be careful! Rice consumption in early life is linked to increased arsenic exposure — which has adverse effects on foetal growth and child immune and neurodevelopment outcomes. (Source: Thinkstock Images)
Parents, take note! Infants who eat rice and rice products — typical first foods for babies — may have higher urinary arsenic concentrations than those who do not, a new US study has warned.
Arsenic exposure from rice is a concern for infants and children, researchers said. Previous research suggests that arsenic exposure in utero — and early in life — may be associated with adverse effects on foetal growth and child immune and neurodevelopment outcomes.
Infant rice cereal may contain inorganic arsenic concentrations that exceed the recommendation from the World Health Organisation (WHO) of 200 nanogram/gram (ng/g) for polished white rice and the new European Union regulations of 100 ng/g for products aimed at infants.
Researchers from Dartmouth College in the US examined the frequency with which infants ate rice and rice-containing products in their first year of life, as well as the association with arsenic concentrations in the urine. The study included 759 infants born to mothers in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study from 2011 to 2014. The infants were followed up with phone interviews every four months until 12 months of age.
At 12 months, dietary patterns during the past week were assessed, including whether the infant had eaten rice cereal, white or brown rice or foods either made with rice — such as rice-based snacks — or sweetened with brown rice syrup — such as some brands of cereal bars. Infant urine samples were collected beginning in 2013 along with a 3-day food diary.
Researchers found that 80 per cent of the 759 infants were introduced to rice cereal in the first year of life with most (64 per cent) starting at 4 to 6 months of age. At 12 months, 43 per cent reported eating some type of rice product in the past week; 13 per cent ate white rice and 10 per cent ate brown rice at an average of one to two servings per week. About 24 per cent of infants ate food made with rice or sweetened rice syrup in the past week at an average of five to six servings per week. Based on information recorded in food diaries two days before urine sample collection, 71 infants (55 per cent) consumed some type of rice product in the prior two days.
Results indicated that arsenic concentrations were higher among infants who ate rice — or foods mixed with rice — compared with infants who ate no rice. Also, total urinary arsenic concentrations were twice as high among infants who ate white or brown rice compared with those who ate no rice. The highest urinary arsenic concentrations were seen among infants who ate baby rice cereal. It was nearly double for those who ate rice snacks compared with those who ate no rice.
The study was published in the journal JAMA Pediatrics.
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Video game addiction may function as an escape mechanism for — or coping with — underlying psychiatric disorders like depression, ADHD and OCD. (Source: Thinkstock Images)
Addiction to video games in young, single men may function as an escape mechanism for underlying psychiatric disorders such as ADHD and depression, a new study suggests.
“Video game addiction is more prevalent among younger men, and among those not being in a current relationship, than others,” said Cecilie Schou Andreassen, from the University of Bergen in Norway. Schou Andreassen carried out the study with more than 20,000 participants who answered questions related to video game addiction.
The study showed that video game addiction appears to be associated with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. “Excessively engaging in gaming may function as an escape mechanism for — or coping with — underlying psychiatric disorders in an attempt to alleviate unpleasant feelings and to calm restless bodies,” said Schou Andreassen.
The study shows some clear tendencies as to which people develop addictive use of social media, researchers said. “The study implies that younger men with some of these characteristics could be targeted regarding preventing development of an unhealthy gaming pattern,” said Schou Andreassen.
The study also showed that addiction related to video games and computer activities exhibit sex differences. “Men seem generally more likely to become addicted to online gaming, gambling and cyber-pornography, while women to social media, texting and online shopping,” Schou Andreassen said.
The study was published in the journal Psychology of Addictive Behaviours.
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By shifting the time of administering vaccinations to the morning, their efficiency can be improved with no extra cost to the health service. (Source: Pixabay)
Flu vaccinations are more effective and induce greater protective antibody responses when administered in the morning rather than the afternoon, a new study has claimed.
Researchers analysed 24 general practices between 2011 and 2013 in a cluster-randomised trial during the annual UK influenza vaccination programme. As many as 276 adults — aged over 65 years — were vaccinated against three strains of influenza either in morning surgeries (9-11am) or afternoon surgeries (3-5pm).
In two of the three given influenza virus strains, those in the morning cohort saw a significantly larger increase in antibody concentration one month following vaccination when compared with those in the afternoon cohort, researchers said. In the third strain, there was no significant difference between morning and afternoon, they said.
“We know that there are fluctuations in immune responses throughout the day and wanted to examine whether this would extend to the antibody response to vaccination,” said Anna Phillips from University of Birmingham. “Being able to see that morning vaccinations yield a more efficient response will not only help in strategies for flu vaccination, but might provide clues to improve vaccination strategies more generally,” said Phillips.
The influenza virus is responsible for between 250,000 and 500,000 deaths each year worldwide, researchers said. The age-related decline in immunity reduces the ability of older adults to produce adequate antibody responses following vaccination, compromising the given protection, they said. “A significant amount of resource is used to try and prevent flu infection each year — particularly in older adults — but less than half make enough antibody to be fully protected,” said Janet Lord from University of Birmingham.
“Our results suggest that by shifting the time of those vaccinations to the morning we can improve their efficiency with no extra cost to the health service,” said Lord.
The findings were published in the journal Vaccine.
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Check your readings often
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Take steps to improve leg circulation
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